International Issues and Resources

Treaties and International Agreements

This section includes links and print resources on cooperative efforts undertaken internationally to manage and protect property rights.

International Copyright Laws and Copyright Campaigns

A beginning collection of links and resources on the copyright legislation and policies of countries and the European Union.

Commentary and Debate

This section includes articles and law reviews discussing international copyright.

International Organizations

This section includes links to organizations and agencies with an interest in international copyright. Many provide additional resource lists.

CIP Site Suggestions
A note about Web sites and print and subscription resources: For Web sites, please report any broken links to cip@umuc.edu. For print and subscription resources, please contact your librarian for retrieval.

Treaties and International Agreements

Web sites | Print and Subscription Resources

Websites

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Text 1971)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/index.html

Brussels Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Tranmitted by Satellite (1974)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from the WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/brussels/index.html

Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms (1971)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from the WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs/en/wo/wo023en.htm

Cumulative Index of Copyright and Related Rights, Laws and Treaties (2003 November)
Retrieved June 11, 2007, from: http://www.internet-law.ru/law/int/intorgofdoc/wipo/indexcr.pdf

International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (the Rome Convention 1961)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs/en/wo/wo023en.htm

Library of Congress Circular 38a, International Copyright Relations of the United States
Lists the relations, agreements, and treaties to which the United States and the countries of the world are a party. Retrieved August 30, 2004 from http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1967) Safe Harbour
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs/en/wo/wo020en.htm

Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (1961)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from the WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs/en/wo/wo024en.htm

Treaty on the International Registration of Audiovisual Works. (1989)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from the WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/wo/wo004en.html

TRIPS Agreement
Retrieved August 30, 2004 from http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm0_e.htm

Universal Copyright Convention as Revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 (n.d.)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from Tufts University Fletcher School Web site: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/UNTS13444.html

WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (1996)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from the WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs/en/wo/wo034en.htm

World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (1996)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from the WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs/en/wo/wo033en.htm

World Intellectual Property Organization - World Trade Organization: Agreement between WIPO and WTO (1995)
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from Tufts University Fletcher School Web site: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/wtowipo.txt

Print and Subscription Resources

Basic Proposal for the Substantive Provisions of the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Databases to be Considered by the Diplomatic Conference (1996). World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved February 13, 2001.

Bird, R.C. (2006). Defending Intellectual Property Rights in the BRIC Economies. American Business Law Journal, 43, 317. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Blythe, S.E. (2006, Spring). The U.S. digital millennium copyright act and the E.U. copyright directive: Comparative impact on fair use rights. Tulane Journal of Technology & Intellectual Property, 8, 111. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Dinwoodie, G.B. (2006). Symposium: The first ten years of the trips agreement: The international intellectual property law system: New actors, new institutions, new sources. Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, 10, 205. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Ficsor, M. (2006). The WIPO "Internet Treaties:" The United States as the driver: The United States as the main source of obstruction — as seen by an anti-revolutionary central european. The John Marshall Law School Review of Intellectual Property Law, 6, 17. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Heald, P.J. (2003). Mowing the playing field: Addressing information distortion and asymmetry in the TRIPS game. Minnesota Law Review, 88, 249. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Helfer, L.R. (2004). Regime shifting: The TRIPs agreement and new dynamics of international intellectual property lawmaking. Yale Journal of International Law, 29, 1. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Hunsucker, G.M. (1997). The European Database Directive: Regional stepping stone to an international model? Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal, 7, 697. Retrieved February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Koepsel, K.M. (2004). How do developed countries meet their obligations under Article 67 of the TRIPS agreement? IDEA: The Journal of Law and Technology, 44, 167. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Land, J.N. (2004). Global intellectual property protection as viewed through the European Community's treatment of geographical indications: What lessons can TRIPS learn? Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, 11, 1007. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Lang, A.C. (2006). Note: On the need to expand article 23 of the trips agreement. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 16, 487. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Nguyen, C.T. (2006). Note: Expansive copyright protection for all time? Avoiding article I horizontal limitations through the treaty power. Columbia Law Review, 106, 1079. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Schneider, M. (1998). The European Union Database Directive. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 13, 551. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Scotchmer, S. (2004). The political economy of intellectual property treaties. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, (2), 20. Retrieved September 15, 2004, from University of California Berkeley Web site: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/%7Escotch/treaty.pdf

Sheinblatt, J. S. (1998). The WIPO Copyright Treaty. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 13, 535. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Story, A. (2003). Why the leading international copyright convention must be repealed. Houston Law Review, 40, 763. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Strauss, J. (2006). The impact of the new world order on economic development: the role of intellectual property rights system. The John Marshall Law School Review of Intellectual Property Law, 6. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Torsen, M. (2006, Winter). "Anonymous, untitled, mixed media": Mixing intellectual property law with other legal philosophies to protect traditional cultural expressions. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 54, 173. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Weissberger, A. (2006). Note: Is fame alone sufficient to create priority rights: An international perspective on the viability of the famous/well-known marks doctrine. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, 24, 739. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

WIPO Arbitration Rules (Effective from October 1, 1994). (1998). American Review of International Arbitration, 9, 257. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

WIPO Emergency Relief Rules. (1998). American Review of International Arbitration, 9, 317. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Yu, P.K. (2006). Symposium: The first ten years of the trips agreement: Trips and its discontents, Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, 10, 369. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

International Copyright Laws and Copyright Campaigns

Websites | Print and Subscription Resources

Websites

American Library Association (ALA) – International Copyright Issues
Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://www.ala.org/ala/washoff/woissues/copyrightb/intlcopyright/international.cfm

American Society of International Law (ASIL) — ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources for International Law: International Intellectual Property Law.
Retrieved February 26, 2007, from http://www.asil.org/resource/ip1.htm

Campaign for Digital Rights (UK)
Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://www.ukcdr.org/

Canadian Copyright Reform Process
Includes "Consultation Paper on Digital Copyright Issues," "Consultation Paper on the Application of the Copyright Act's Compulsory Retransmission License to the Internet," etc. Retrieved August 31, 2004 from http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/incrp-prda.nsf/en/Home

Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the Legal Protection of Databases
Describes the European Union's approach to the protection of databases. Retrieved August 31, 2004 from http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l26028.htm

Directory of International Copyright, Patent, and Trademark Offices (n.d.)
Retrieved August 31, 2004, from the Franklin Pierce Law Center Web site: http://ipmall.org/web_resources/record_request_pb_02.php

Directory of Intellectual Property Offices (n.d.)
Retrieved June 11, 2007, from WIPO Web site: http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/urls.jsp

EBLIDA (European Bureau of Library, Information and Documentation Associations)
Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://www.eblida.org

European Digital Rights (EDRI)
Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://www.edri.org/

Global Internet Liberty Campaign (n.d.)
Retrieved March 28, 2007, from http://www.gilc.org/

Institute for Information Law, University of Amsterdam
Retrieved April 30, 2007, from http://www.ivir.nl/index-english.html

Intellectual Property Rights Helpdesk (European Commission) (n.d.)
Retrieved August 31, 2004, from http://www.ipr-helpdesk.org/index.htm

International Copyright Relations of the United States, Library of Congress Circular 38a
Lists the relations, agreements, and treaties to which the United States and the countries of the world are a party. Retrieved August 31, 2004 from http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38a.pdf

Organization of American States (OAS), Foreign Trade Information System
Provides national legislation, directories, and links to official sources on IP information. Retrieved August 31, 2004, from the OAS Web site: http://www.sice.oas.org/int_prop/int_prop_e.asp

Policy Position agreed by the World Blind Union (WBU), the Daisy Consortium and IFLA Libraries for the Blind Section (LBS)
Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://www.rnib.org.uk/xpedio/groups/public/documents/publicwebsite/public_copyrightjoint.doc

Samuelson, P. (2003). Intellectual property arbitrage: How foreign rules can affect domestic protections. University of Chicago Law Review, 71. Retrieved September 15, 2004, from University of California Berkeley Web site: http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~pam/papers/IP%20arbitrage%20duke.pdf

U.S. Code: Title 17—Copyrights
From Cornell University's Legal Information Institute. Provides the current U.S. law on copyright. Retrieved August 31, 2004 from http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/

U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright Regulations—CFR Title 37
Details Chapter II, Title 37 of the Code of Federal Regulations, government regulations dealing with patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Retrieved August 31, 2004 from http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/title37/

WIPO’s CLEA (Collection of Laws for Electronic Access) Database
Contains the full text of intellectual property legislation of a large number of countries and the European Community, as well as the full text of all treaties administered by WIPO. Each of the legislative texts and treaties is preceded by a detailed bibliographic data entry which includes details such as publication dates, entry into force, related texts and language availability. Retrieved August 31, 2004 from http://www.wipo.org/clea/en/index.html

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2003, November). Cumulative Index of Copyright and Related Rights, Laws and Treaties.
Retrieved August 30, 2004, from http://www.internet-law.ru/law/int/intorgofdoc/wipo/indexcr.pdf.

Print and Subscription Resources

Bird, R. (2006). Defending Intellectual Property Rights in the BRIC Economies. American Business Law Journal, 43, 317. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Birnhack, M.D. (2006). Global copyright, local speech. Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal, 24, 491. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Contracts and copyright exemptions (1997). Amsterdam: Institute for Information Law.

Cosovanu, C. (2003/2004). Piracy, price discrimination, and development: The software sector in eastern Europe and other emerging Markets. Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, 5, 4. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Dinwoodie, G.B. (2000). A new copyright order: Why national courts should create global norms. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 149, 469. Retrieved February 6, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Doshi, P.H. (2003). Copyright problems in India affecting Hollywood and "Bollywood." Suffolk Transnational Law Review, 26, 295. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Hahn, M. (2006). Digital music sampling and copyright policy-A bittersweet symphony? Assessing the continued legality of music sampling in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 34, 713. Retrieved April 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Hancock, K. (1998). 1997 Canadian Copyright Act revisions. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 13, 517. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Heide, T. (2000). Access control and innovation under the emerging EU electronic commerce framework. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 15, 993. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Howell, R. G. (1998). Database protection and Canadian laws. Industry Canada and Canadian Heritage. Retrieved February 13, 2001.

Kuruk, P. (1999). Protecting folklore under modern intellectual property regimes: A reappraisal of the tensions between individual and communal rights in Africa and the United States. American University Law Review, 48, 769. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Li, C. (2003-2004). Internet content control in China. International Journal of Communications Law and Policy, 8, 1. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Loew, L. (2006). Creative industries in developing countries and intellectual property protection. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, 9, 171. Retrieved April 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Mertens, M. (2006). Thieves in cyberspace: Examining music piracy and copyright law deficiencies in Russia as it enters the digital age. University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review, 14, 139. Retrieved April 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Mota, S. (2005). TRIPS: Ten years of disputes at the WTO. Comparative Law Review and Technology Journal, 9, 455. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Nass, R. L. (2001). Note: Trading systems: Vietnam’s creation of a new intellectual property regime at the inception of the Vietnam United States bilateral trade agreement. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 27, 285. Retrieved February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Okediji, R. (2000). Toward an International Fair Use Doctrine. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 39, 75. Retrieved February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Patry, W. (2000). Choice of law and international copyright. American Journal of Comparative Law, 48, 383. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Perritt, H.H., & Lhulier, C.J. (1997). Information access rights based on international human rights law. Buffalo Law Review, 45, 899. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Sapp, H. (2005). North American anti-circumvention: Implementation of the WIPO Internet Treaties in the United States, Mexico and Canada. Comparative Law Review and Technology Journal, 10, 1. Retrieved May 1, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Schwartz, E.J. (1999). The impact of technological change in the Canada/U.S. context: Protecting and exploiting U.S. and Canadian intellectual property abroad in a technologically changing world - A U.S. perspective. Canada-United States Law Journal, 25, 97. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Scott, G. R. (2006). A comparative view of copyright as cultural property in Japan and the United States. Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, 20, 283. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Standards of protection for databases in the European Community and the United States: Feist and the myth of creative originality. (1993). George Washington Journal of International Law & Economics, 27, 457. Retrieved February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Westkamp, G. (2006). The recognition and status of traditional knowledge in the conflict of law. Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society, 88, 699. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

WIPO Arbitration Rules (Effective from October 1, 1994). (1998). American Review of International Arbitration, 9, 257. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

WIPO Emergency Relief Rules. (1998). American Review of International Arbitration, 9, 317. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Yanliang, W., Xiaoqing, F. (2003). Commments on cyber copyright disputes in the People's Republic of China: Maintaining the status quo while expanding the doctrine of profit-making purposes. Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, 7, 149. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Commentary and Debate

Websites | Print and Subscription Resources

Websites

Askanazi, J. et.al.(2001). The future of database protection in U.S. copyright law. Duke Law & Technology Review, 0017. Retrieved March 5, 2001 from http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/DLTR/Articles/2001dltr0017.html

The Copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997. (1997). Retrieved February 11, 2007, from http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1997/19973032.htm

Helfer, L.R. (2004). Mediating Interactions in an Expanding International Intellectual Property Regime. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from Vanderbilt University Web site: http://law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty/pubs/helfer-mediatinginteractions.pdf

Samuelson, P. (2003). Intellectual property arbitrage: How foreign rules can affect domestic protections. University of Chicago Law Review, 71. Retrieved September 15, 2004, from University of California Berkeley Web site: http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/%7Epam/papers/IP%20arbitrage%20duke.pdf

Yu, P.K.(2001). Conflict of Laws Issues in International Copyright. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from: http://www.peteryu.com/gigalaw0401.pdf

Print and Subscription Resources

Ahmed, K.G. (2006). Commentaire d'arret: A case for a longer term of copyright in Canada - implications of Eldred v. Ashcroft. Les Editions Revue de Droit Universite de Sherbrooke, 37, 185. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Barbosa, R. G. (2007). International copyright law and litigation: a mechanism for improvement. Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, 11, 77. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Bastian, M.J. (1999). Protection of "noncreative" databases: Harmonization of United States, foreign and international law. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 22, 425. Retrieved February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Birnhack, M. D. (2006). Global copyright, local speech. Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal, 24, 491. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Branstetter, L.G., Fisman, R., & Foley, C.F. (2006). Do stronger intellectual property rights increase international technology transfer? Empirical evidence from U.S. firm-level panel data. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 321. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Camarce, C. A. (2007). Harmonization of international copyright protection in the internet age. Pacific McGeorge Global Business and Development Law Journal, 19, 435. Retrieved April 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Carpenter, M.M. (2004). Intellectual property law and indigenous peoples: Adapting copyright law to the needs of a global community. Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal, 7, 51. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Castillo, T. E. (2006). Conflicting beats: Proposing the adoption of an additional obligation within the WTO TRIPS agreement under article 14 to recognize digital sampling and digital sampling infringement. Texas Review of Entertainment and Sports Law, 7, 31. Retrieved April 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Cornish, G.P. (2005). Electronic information management and intellectual property rights. Information Services & Use, 25, 1, 59-68. Retrieved July 13, 2006, from Academic Search Premier/EBSCOhost database.

Crews, K.D. (1998). Harmonization and the goals of copyright: Property rights or cultural progress? Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 6, 117. Retrieved March 6, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Cychosz, A. (2004). The effectiveness of international enforcement of intellectual property rights. John Marshall Law Review, 37, 985. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.
Dinwoodie, G.B. (2001). The development and incorporation of international norms in the formation of copyright law. Ohio State Law Journal, 62, 733. Retrieved February 19, 2002 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Doshi, P.H. (2003). Copyright problems in India affecting Hollywood and "Bollywood." Suffolk Transnational Law Review, 26, 295. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Dreyfuss, R.C. (2000). Software as a commodity: International licensing of intellectual property: UCITA in the international marketplace: Are we about to export bad innovation policy? Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 26, 49. Retrieved February 1, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Driscoll, J.M. (1999). It's a small world after all: Conflict of laws and copyright infringement on the information superhighway. Journal of International Economic Law, 20, 939. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Gao, L. (2006). Intellectual property rights in the internet era: The new frontier. The John Marshall Law School Review of Intellectual Property Law, 5, 589. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Gard, E. T. (2006). January 1, 2003: The birth of the unpublished public domain and its international implications. Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal, 24, 687. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Gasser, U. (2006). Legal frameworks and technological protection of digital content: Moving forward towards a best practice model. Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal, 17, 39. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Gendreau, Y. (1999). Copyright and Photographs : An International Survey. London ; Boston : Kluwer Law International.

Gervais, D. J. (2005). Towards a new core international copyright norm: The reverse three-step test. Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, 9, 1. Retrieved April 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Grantham, W. (1996). The arbitrability of international intellectual property disputes. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 14, 173. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Goldstein, P. (2001). International Copyright: Principles, Law and Practice. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press.

Goldstein, P. Kitch, E.W. and Perlman, H.S. (2001). Unfair Competition, Trademark, Copyright and Patent: Selected Statutues and International Agreements - 2001 Edition. Foundation Press, Inc.

Gruenberger, M. (2006). A duty to protect the rights of performers? Constitutional foundations of an intellectual property right. Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal, 24, 617. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Hugenholtz, P.B. (2000). Software as a commodity: International licensing of intellectual property: Copyright, contract and code: What will remain of the public domain? Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 26, 77. Retrieved February 13, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Knapp, J. C. (2005). Laugh, and the whole world ... scowls at you?: A defense of the United States' fair use exception for parody under TRIPs. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 33, 347. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Lackman, E.M. (2003). Slowing down the speed of sound: A transatlantic race to head off digital copyright infringement. Fordham Intellectual Property, Media, & Entertainment Law Journal, 13, 1161. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Liu, D. (2006). Can copyright lend its cinderellaic magic to Chinese folklore? John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law, 5, 203. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Long, D.E. (2006). Traditional knowledge and the fight for the public domain. The John Marshall Law School Review of Intellectual Property Law, 5, 317.

Mota, S. (2005). TRIPS: Ten years of disputes at the WTO. Comparative Law Review and Technology Journal, 9, 455. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Monten, L.M. (2005). The inconsistency between section 301 and TRIPS: Counterproductive with respect to the future of international protection of intellectual property rights? Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, 9, 387. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Murumba, S.K. (2000). Software as a commodity: International licensing of intellectual property: The emerging law of the digital domain and the contract/IP interface: An antipodean perspective. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 26, 91. Retrieved February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Nimmer, R.T. (2000). Software as a commodity: International licensing of intellectual property: International information transactions: An essay on law in an information society. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 26, 5. Retrieved February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Okediji, R. (2000). Toward an International Fair Use Doctrine. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 39, 75. Retrieved February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Patchel, K. (2000). Software as a commodity: International licensing of intellectual property: Choice of law and software licenses: A framework for discussion. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 26, 117. Retrieved February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Peukert, A. (2005). A bipolar copyright system for the digital network environment. Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, 28, 1. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Ryan, M.P. (1998). Knowledge Diplomacy: Global Competition and the Politics of Intellectual Property. Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution Press. Retrieved February 19, 2002.

Scott, G.R. (2006). A comparative view of copyright as cultural property in Japan and the United States. Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, 20, 283. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Simon, B.S. (2005). Intellectual property and traditional knowledge: A psychological approach to conflicting claims of creativity in international law. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 20, 1613. Retrieved May 1, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Sindelar, L. (2001). Not so fair after all - International aspects of the Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998. The Transnational Lawyer, 14, 435. Retrieved February 19, 2002 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Stephan, P.B. (2000). Software as a commodity: International licensing of intellectual property: Choice of law and its consequences: Constitutions for international transactions. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 26, 211. February 12, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Story, A. (2003). Why the leading international copyright convention must be repealed. Houston Law Review, 40, 763. Retrieved August 30, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Tian, Y.J. (2005). Problems of anti-circumvention rules in the DMCA & more heterogeneous solutions. Fordham Intellectual Property, Media, and Entertainment Law Journal, 15, 749. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Travis, H. (2006). Building universal digital libraries: An agenda for copyright reform. Pepperdine Law Review, 33, 761. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic.

Williams, B.G. (2000). James Brown v. In-Frin-JR: How moral rights can steal the groove. Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, 17, 651. Retrieved May 30, 2001 from Academic Universe/Lexis-Nexis database.

Zemer, L. (2006). "We-intention" and the limits of copyright. Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal, 24, 99. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

International Organizations

Websites

The Asia Pacific Intellectual Property Law Institute
The mission of the Institute is to become a focal point in the Asia Pacific Region for teaching, research, training and advice on the national, regional and global protection of Intellectual Property Rights. Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://www.law.murdoch.edu.au/research/apipli.html

Australian Copyright Site
Retrieved February 19, 2007.

Australian Copyright Council
Retrieved February 19, 2007

Canadian Intellectual Property Office
Retrieved February 19, 2007.

European Federation of Intellectual Property (EFIPWEB)
Represents over 100 non-governmental and other not-for-profit organisations interested in protection the intellectual property of all Europeans. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from http://www.efipweb.org

Europe’s Information Society
Provides links to developments, policies, and legislation in the European Community. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.ispo.cec.be/

Hieros Gamos
Offers legal guides on selected countries. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.hg.org/guides.html

Information Society Promotion Office (ISPO)
Provides links to developments, policies, and legislation in the European Community. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.ispo.gov.mk/html/about_ispo.html

International Aspects of Intellectual Property Protection
Resources from the University of California Hastings College of the Law Library. Retrieved February 19, 2007, from http://library.uchastings.edu/library/Legal%20Research/Class%20Pages/intl-prop.htm

International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AIPPI)
Retrieved August 31, 2004, from http://www.aippi.org/

International Centre for Distance Learning
(Based at the British Open University.) Provides databases of distance learning institutions, courses, and related literature. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://icdl.open.ac.uk/

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)
Retrieved June 11, 2007, from http://www.ifla.org/

International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organizations (IFRRO)
Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.ifrro.org/

International Intellectual Property Alliance
Resources from a private sector coalition formed to represent the U.S. copyright-based industries in bilateral and multilateral efforts to improve international protection of copyrighted materials. Retrieved February 19, 2007, from http://www.iipa.com/copyrighttrade_issues.html

The International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI)
"Dedicated to using intellectual property rights as a mechanism for investment, technology transfer, and the creation of national wealth in all countries of the world." The Institute was founded in 1998 by Bruce A. Lehman, former Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.iipi.org/

WIPO Member States
This resource is provided by WIPO and lists addresses by country. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.wipo.int/members/en/

The Queen Mary Intellectual Property Research Institute
Located at the University of London, it has an established focus for research into all aspects of intellectual property law and policy It includes a link to the Draft International Copyright Protection System by J.A.L. Sterling, May 2001. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.qmipri.org

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): Copyright
Retrieved August 31, 2004, from http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=12313&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

US-EU Safe Harbour Program (n.d.)
Retrieved September 3, 2004 from the U.S. Department of Commerce Web site: http://www.export.gov/safeharbor/

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
"With headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, WIPO is one of the 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations system of organizations. It administers 21 international treaties dealing with different aspects of Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.wipo.org/

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) — Directory of Intellectual Property Offices
This resource is provided by WIPO and lists contact information by country. Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/urls.jsp

World Intellectual Property Organizations (WIPO) — Worldwide Academy
Includes Links to IP Libraries and Research Institutes (see Related Links). Retrieved September 9, 2004, from http://www.wipo.org/academy/en/index.html?wipo_content_frame=/academy/en/library/legres.htm

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