Public Domain

Laws and Cases: This section includes U.S. Code pertaining to the public domain and copyright term extension, as well as recent case law.
Commentary and Debate: This section includes articles and law reviews discussing the public domain.
Organizations: This section includes links to think tanks and advocacy groups. For a more developed listing of copyright related organizations and advocacy groups, please see the Related Organizations and Agencies Web page.

CIP Site Suggestions
A note about Web sites and print and subscription resources: For Web sites, please report any broken links to cip@umuc.edu. For print and subscription resources, please contact your librarian for retrieval.

Laws and Cases

Web Sites

Amici Curiae brief in Kahle v. Ashcroft appeal. (2005, January 28). Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.fepproject.org/courtbriefs/kahle.pdf

Copyright Term Extension Act. S 505, P.L. 105-298, 11 Stat. 2827. Retrieved September 20, 2004 from http://www.loc.gov/copyright/legislation/s505.pdf

The Copyright Website. (n.d.). Copyright Duration (flow chart). Retrieved September 22, 2004, from http://www.benedict.com/info/Law/LawDuration.aspx

Gasaway, L. N. (2001). When works pass into the public domain. Retrieved September 20, 2004 from http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/public-d.htm

Hirtle, P. (2004, July 7). Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States. Retrieved September 22, 2004, from Cornell University Web site: http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm

JibJab Media, Inc. v. Ludlow Music, Inc. (2004). Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved September 22, 2004, from http://www.eff.org/legal/cases/JibJab_v_Ludlow/

OpenLaw: Eldred v. Ashcroft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 16, 2004, from Harvard University Web site: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/

Openlaw: Golan v. Ashcroft. (n.d.) Retrieved February 18, 2006, from http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/golanvashcroft/

Oral arguments of Lawrence Lessig and Theodore B. Olson before the Supreme Court of the United States in the matter of Eldred v. Ashcroft. (2002, October 9). Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.supremecourtus.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/01-618.pdf

Pre-1978 distribution of recordings containing musical compositions, copyright term extension, and copyright per program licenses. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property of the House Judiciary Committee. Washington, DC. Retrieved September 20, 2004 from http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/judiciary/hju43666.000/hju43666_0f.htm

Preservation of Orphan Works Act of 2004, H.R. 5136. Introduced by Rep. Howard L. Berman, September 23, 2004. To amend section 108 of title 17, United States Code, relating to reproduction of works by libraries and archives. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:h5136:

Public Domain Enhancement Act of 2003, H.R. 2601. Introduced by Rep. Zoe Lofgren, June 25, 2003. To amend title 17, United States Code, to allow abandoned copyrighted works to enter the public domain after 50 years. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c108:H.R.2601:

Public Domain Enhancement Act of 2005, H.R. 2408. Introduced by Rep. Zoe Lofgren, May 17, 2005. To amend title 17, United States Code, to allow abandoned copyrighted works to enter the public domain after 50 years. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h2408:

Stanford Center for Internet and Society. (2004). Golan v. Ashcroft Case Page. Retrieved September 20, 2004,from Stanford University Web site: http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/about/cases/golan_v_ashcroft.shtml

Stanford Center for Internet and Society. (2004). Kahle v. Ashcroft Case Page. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from Stanford University Web site: http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/about/cases/kahle_v_ashcroft.shtml

The Subject Matter of Copyright: United States Government Works. (USC). 17 U.S.C., section 105 (2002). Retrieved September 20, 2004,from Legal Information Institute Web site: http://assembler.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000105----000-.html

Supreme Court of the United States. (2002, October). Eldred v. Ashcroft Ruling. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/01-618.pdf

U.S. Copyright Office. (2000). Copyright basics. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html

U.S. Copyright Office. (2006). Report on Orphan Works. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.copyright.gov/orphan/orphan-report-full.pdf

Commentary and Debate

Websites | Print and Subscription Resources

Websites

Akerlof, G.A. et al. (2002, May). The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1988: An Economic Analysis. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from http://www.aei-brookings.org/admin/authorpdfs/page.php?id=16

Baron, R. A. (2001). Making the public domain public. Retrieved September 22, 2004 from http://www.studiolo.org/IP/VRA-TM-SF-PublicDomain.htm

Benkler, Y. (2000). Constitutional bounds of database protection: The role of judicial review in the creation and definition of private rights in information. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 15(2): 535. Retrieved September 22, 2004 from http://www.law.berkeley.edu/journals/btlj/articles/vol15/benkler/benkler.html

Benkler, Y. (1998) The commons as a neglected factor of information policy. Retrieved September 20, 2004 from http://www.benkler.org/commons.pdf

Besser, H. (2001, September). Intellectual property: The attack on public space in cyberspace. Atlantic Monthly.

Birnhack, M.D. (2003). Copyright Law and Free Speech After Eldred v. Ashcroft. Southern California Law Review 76, 1275-1330. Retrieved February 18, 2006, from http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~usclrev/pdf/076601.pdf

Bollier, D. (2000). Can the information commons be saved? How intellectual property policies are eroding democratic culture & some strategies for asserting the public interest. Retrieved September 20, 2004 from http://www.bollier.org/pdf/besaved.pdf

Boyle, J. (2000). Cruel, mean, or lavish? Economic analysis, price discrimination and digital intellectual property. Vanderbilt Law Review, 53(6), 2007-2039. Retrieved September 20, 2004 from http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/cruel.pdf

Boyle, J. (2001). The second enclosure movement and the construction of the public domain. The Conference on the Public Domain. Retrieved September 22, 2004 from http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf

Boyle, J. (2005). Expanding the public domain. ARL, 241, 1-4. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.arl.org/newsltr/241/pubdomain.html

Campbell, J. (2005, Oct/Nov). Reactions to the Enclosure of the Information Commons. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 32(1). Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Oct-05/campbell.html

Carlson, S. (2005, July 29). Whose Work Is It, Anyway? Chronicle of Higher Education 51(47), A33. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://chronicle.com/prm/weekly/v51/i47/47a03301.htm

Center for the Study of the Public Domain, Duke Law School. (2005, March). Orphan Works: Analysis and Proposal to the Copyright Office. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/pdf/cspdproposal.pdf

Cohen, D.J. and R. Rosenzweig. (n.d.) Sharing the Property of Others: Copyright and the Public Domain. Retrieved February 18, 2006, from http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/copyright/4.php

Crawford, W. (2005, September). Perspective: Orphan Works. Cites & Insights: Crawford at Large 5(10). Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://cites.boisestate.edu/v5i10d.htm

Crews, K. (2002). The expiration of copyright protection: Survey and analysis of U.S. copyright law for identifying the public domain. Retrieved September 22, 2004 from http://dml.indiana.edu/pdf/dml-copyright-duration-report.pdf

Dean, K. (2004, September 21). Saving the Artistic Orphans. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,64494,00.html

Dean, K. (2004, December 2). Fight for Public Domain Goes On. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2004/12/65898.

Epstein, R.A. (2002). The Dubious Constitutionality of the Copyright Term Extension Act. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 36, 123-158. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v36-issue1/epstein-original.pdf

Evans, L. (2004). Lawrence Lessig Sees Public Domain Sinking in Sea of Overregulation. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=10831

Farid, N. (2003). Not in my library: Eldred v. Ashcroft and the demise of the public domain. Tulane Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property,5, 1. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from Arizona State University Web site: http://homepages.law.asu.edu/%7Edkarjala/OpposingCopyrightExtension
/commentary/FaridEldred&PDdemise2003.htm

Foster, A.L. (2006, February 2). Copyright Office Sides with Publishers in Proposal for Handling ‘Orphan’ Works. Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://chronicle.com/daily/2006/02/2006020201t.htm

Gasaway, L. (1999, January). Copyright Corner: Term Extension. Information Outlook. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.unc.edu/%7Eunclng/copy-corner5.htm

Gasaway, L. (2001, July). Copyright Corner: Importance of the Public Domain. Information Outlook. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.unc.edu/%7Eunclng/copy-corner34.htm

Gasaway, L. (2002, June). Copyright Corner: Supreme Court to Decide if Term Extension is Constitutional. Information Outlook. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.unc.edu/%7Eunclng/copy-corner44.htm

Gasaway, L. (2003, April). Copyright Corner: Copyright Term Extension Upheld. Information Outlook. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.unc.edu/%7Eunclng/copy-corner54.htm

Gasaway, L. (2003, September). Copyright Corner: Preserving the Public Domain. Information Outlook. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.unc.edu/%7Eunclng/copy-corner59.htm

Grzelak, V.A. (2002). Mickey Mouse & Sonny Bono Go To Court: The Copyright Term Extension Act and Its Effects on Current and Future Rights. John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law 2(1), 95-115. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from http://www.jmls.edu/ripl/vol2/issue1/vicki.pdf

Harwood, E. (2003, Summer). Copyright critics push alternative protections. The News Media & The Law 27(3), 44. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.rcfp.org/news/mag/27-3/bct-copyrigh.html

Heins, M. (2003, January 17). The frozen public domain. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.fepproject.org/commentaries/eldreddecision.html

Jaffe, E.S. (2003). A Page of Logic: Eldred v. Ashcroft and the Logic of a Written Constitution. Cato Supreme Court Review 131, 131-158. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.esjpc.com/Cato-Eldred-Article-2003.pdf

Jassin, L.J. (n.d.). New rules for using public domain materials. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://copylaw.com/new_articles/PublicDomain.html

Karjala, D.S. (2002). Judicial Review of Copyright Term Extension Legislation. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 36, 199-251. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v36-issue1/karjala-original6.pdf

Koman, R. (2004, May 6). Free the Orphans: A Look at the Case of Kahle v. Ashcroft. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/policy/2004/05/06/kahleversusashcroft.html

Koman, R. (2003, January 16). Eldred opinion met with anger, determination. O'Reilly Network. Retrieved September 22, 2004 from http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/policy/2003/01/16/eldred.html

Landes, W., Posner, R. (2002). Working Paper: Indefinitely Renewable Copyright. Retrieved September 22, 2004, from University of Chicago Web site: http://www.law.uchicago.edu/Lawecon/WkngPprs_151-175/154.wml-rap.copyright.new.pdf

Langvardt, A.W. and K.T. Langvardt. (2004). Unwise or Unconstitutional?: The Copyright Term Extension Act, the Eldred Decision, and the Freezing of the Public Domain for Private Benefit. Minnesota Intellectual Property Review 5(2): 193-292. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from http://mipr.umn.edu/archive/v5n2/Langvardt.pdf

Lessig, L. (2004). How I lost the big one. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2004/story_lessig_marapr04.msp

Library of Congress Copyright Office. (2005, August 2). Roundtable Discussion on Orphan Works. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/bclt/events/orphan_works/0802LOC.PDF

Liebert, T. (2005, May 15). The Problem of Orphan Works. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.llrx.com/features/orphanworks.htm

Lofgren, Z. (2003, June 25). Statement of Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren (Ca-16th) upon Introduction of the Public Domain Enhancement Act. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.house.gov/lofgren/iss_pubdomain_statement.shtml

Lutzker, A. (1999). Primer on the digital millennium: What the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the Copyright Term Extension Act mean for the library community. Retrieved September 22, 2004 from http://www.arl.org/info/frn/copy/primer.html

MacMillian, R. Eldred v. Ashcroft: A Primer. (2003, January 15). Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/technology/articles/eldredprimer_100902.htm

Mitrano, T. (2003, September/October). Copyright, Civil Rights, and the Middle Age. EDUCAUSE Review (38)5, 62-63. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM0358.pdf.

Mota, S.A. (2005, November 5). “For limited times”: The Supreme Court finds the Copyright Term Extension Act constitutional in Eldred v. Ashcroft, but when does it end? Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/st_org/iptf/articles/content/2005110501.html

Muffler, S.C. (2003). Eldred v. Ashcroft: Steamboat Willie Rides the Wave of International Copyright Term Harmonization Efforts. ALSB: International Business Law Journal 3, 32-39. Retrieved February 18, 2006, from http://www.alsb.org/international/ijrnl/muffler/Muffler2003.pdf

Negativland (2001). Two relationships to a cultural public domain. Retrieved September 22, 2004 from http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/hoslerjoy.pdf

Opposing Copyright Extension. (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2004, from http://homepages.law.asu.edu/%7Edkarjala/OpposingCopyrightExtension/

The Public Domain Enhancement Act. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.eldred.cc/p2/

Quinn, E. (2003, January 16). Eldred v. Ashcroft: Looking for the Bright Side. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forum/forumnew87.php

Reese, R.A. (2004). Copyright Term Extension and the Scope of Congressional Copyright Power: Eldred v. Ashcroft. Journal of World Intellectual Property 7, 5-33. Retrieved February 12, 2006, from http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/treese/Eldred.pdf

Reichman, J. H., & Uhlir, P.F. (2001). Promoting public good uses of scientific data: A contractually reconstructed commons for science and innovation. Retrieved September 22, 2004 from http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/ReichmanandUhlir.pdf

Rich, L. (1998). The Public Domain and the Impact of New Legislation. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.publaw.com/publicdomain.html

Rimmer, M. (2003). The dead poets society: The copyright term and the public domain. First Monday, 8(6). Retrieved September 22, 2004, from http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue8_6/rimmer/

Samuels, S. (1993). The public domain in copyright law. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.edwardsamuels.com/copyright/beyond/articles/public.html

Samuelson, P. (n.d.) The Constitutional Law of Intellectual Property After Eldred v. Ashcroft. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~pam/papers/post-Eldred.pdf

Samuelson, P. (2003). Mapping the digital public domain: Threats and opportunities. Law and Contemporary Problems, 66, 147. Retrieved September 22, 2004, from Duke University Web site: http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?66+Law+&+Contemp.+Probs.+147+
(WinterSpring+2003)

Samuelson, P. (2001). Digital information, digital networks, and the public domain. September 22, 2004 from http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/samuelson.pdf

Save Orphan Works. (n.d.) Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.eldred.cc/

Special Issue: The Public Domain. (2003). Law and Contemporary Problems 66(1-2). Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/journaltoc?journal=lcp&toc=lcptoc66
winterspring2003.htm

Sprigman, C. (2003, January 20). The Supreme Court's copyright extension decision: A mickey mouse ruling. Findlaw. Retrieved September 22, 2004, from http://writ.news.findlaw.com/commentary/20030120_sprigman.html

Stanford University Libraries. (2003). Copyright and Fair Use Overview: Public Domain. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter8/index.html

Supreme Court Upholds CTEA in Eldred v. Ashcroft. (2003, January 15). Tech Law Journal. Retrieved February 18, 2006, from http://www.techlawjournal.com/topstories/2003/20030115.asp

Symposium on Eldred v. Ashcroft: Intellectual Property, Congressional Power, and the Constitution. (2002). Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 36. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v36-issue1/

Tor, A., Oliar, D. (2002). Incentives to Create under a "Lifetime-Plus-Years" Copyright Duration: Lessons from a Behavioral Economic Analysis for Eldred v. Ashcroft. Retrieved September 16, 2004, from Harvard University Web site: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/home/uploads/45/2002-02.pdf

Valenti, J. (2003, January 15). Statement on the Supreme Court Ruling on Eldred v Ashcroft. Retrieved September 22, 2004, from the Motion Picture Association of America Web site: http://www.copyrightassembly.org/briefing/test_2003_01_15.htm

Valenti, J. (1995). Testimony before the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property Committee on the Judiciary U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Copyright Term Extension Act - H.R. 989" (1 June), Retrieved September 22, 2004, from the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary Web Site: http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/447.htm

Zorich, D.M. (2000). Why the public domain is not just a Mickey Mouse issue. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://www.ninch.org/copyright/2000/chicagozorich.html

Print and Subscription Resources

Adeyanju, Y. (2003). The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act: A violation of progress and promotion of the arts. Syracuse Law and Technology Journal, 2003, 6. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Allan, R. J. (2007). After Bridgeman: Copyright, Museums, and Public Domain Works of Art. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 155, 961. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

Bard, R. L. (1998). Copyright duration: Duration, term extension, the European Union, and the making of copyright policy. San Francisco: Austin & Winfield.

Bard, R. L., & Kurlantzick, L. (2000). Copyright duration at the millennium. Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A., 47: 13-74.

Benkler, Y., Free as the Air to Common Use: First Amendment Constraints on Enclosure of the Public Domain. 74 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 354 (1999), 360-414.

Brownlee, L. M. (1999). Recent changes in the duration of copyright in the United States and the European Union: Procedure and policy. Fordham Intellectual Property, Media, and Entertainment Law Journal, 6, 579.

Bunker, M.D. and Bolger, B. (2003, Spring). Protecting a Delicate Balance: Facts, Ideas, and Expression in Compilation Copyright Cases. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(1), 183-197. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search premier database.

Case Background: Overview of Eldred, et al. v. Ashcroft. (2002, November). Supreme Court Debates, 5(8), 227-228. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Cohen, J. E. (2007). Creativity and Culture in Copyright Theory. University of California Davis Law Review, 40, 1151. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

Dallon, C.W. (2004). The problem with Congress and copyright law: forgetting the past and ignoring the public interest. Santa Clara Law Review, 44, 365. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Daum, S. (2003). Eldred v. Ashcroft: International influences and the outer Limits of the copyright clause. North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial, 29, 129. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Davis, M. H. (2000). Extending copyright and the Constitution. Florida Law Review, 52(5): 989-1037. Retrieved January 17, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Depoorter, B. (2004). The several lives of Mickey Mouse: The expanding boundaries of intellectual property law. Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, 9, 4. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Frow, J. (1998). Public domain and collective rights in culture. Intellectual Property Journal, 13(1), 39-52.

Frow, J. (2000, August). Public Domain and the New World Order in Knowledge. Social Semiotics, 10(2), 173-185. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Fyffe, R.; Warner, B.F. (2005). Where the giants stand: Protecting the public domain in digitization contracts with commercial partners. Journal of Library Administration, 42, 3/4, 83-102. Retrieved July 13, 2006, from Academic Search Premier/EBSCOhost database.

Gasaway, L. (2003, September). Preserving The Public Domain. Information Outlook, 7(9), 45-46. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

Ghosh, S. (2007). The Fable of the Commons: Exclusivity and the Construction of Intellectual Property Markets. University of California Davis Law Review, 40, 855. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

Gifford, C. N. (2000). The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. University of Memphis Law Review, 30(2), 363-402. Retrieved January 17, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Ginsburg, J. C., Gordon, W.J., Miller, A.R., & Patry, W.F. (2000). Symposia: The constitutionality of copyright term extension: How long is too long? Cardozo Arts and Entertainment Law Journal, 18, 651. Retrieved January 17, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Ginsburg, J. C. (2006). "Une Chose Publique"? The Author's Domain and the Public Domain in Early British, French and US Copyright Law. Cambridge Law Journal, 65, 636. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

Hartnick, A. J. (1999). Millennium musing: 'New uses" and the public domain. Copyright World, 92, 16-18.

Hawkins, C. (1998). Technological measures: Saviour or saboteur of the public domain? Journal of Law and Information Science, 9(1), 45-58.

Heald, P. J., & Sherry, S. (2000). Implied limits on the legislative power: The intellectual property clause as an absolute constraint on Congress. University of Illinois Law Review, 2000, 1119. Retrieved January 17, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Heald, P.J. (2001). The extraction/duplication dichotomy: Constitutional line-drawing in the database debate. Ohio State Law Journal, 62(2), 933. Retrieved January 24, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Hickman, B. T. (2006). Can you find a home for this "orphan" copyright work? A statutory solution for copyright-protected works whose owners cannot be located. Syracuse Law Review, 57, 123. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

Hirtle, P.B. (2004, November). Copyright term and the public domain in the United States. Information Outlook, 8(11), 26-33. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

Huang, O. (2006). Intellectual property: Copyright: Note: U.S. copyright office orphan works inquiry: finding homes for the orphans. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 21, 265. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Hugenholtz, P. B. (2000). Copyright, contract and code: What will remain of the public domain? Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 26(1), 77-90. Retrieved January 17, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Janus, K. A. (2001). Defending the public domain in copyright law: A tactical approach. Intellectual Property Journal, 14(3), 379-401.

Jones, M. (2004). Eldred v. Ashcroft: The constitutionality of the Copyright Term Extension Act. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 19, 85. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Jones, M. (2004). Eldred v. Ashcroft: The Constitutionality of the Copyright Term Extension Act. Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 19(1), 85-106. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Kuhne, C.C. III. (2004). Forcing the copyright genie back into the bottle: Public policy implications of copyright extension legislation. Southwestern University Law Review, 33, 327.

Lange, D. (1981). Recognizing the public domain. Law and Contemporary Problems, 44(4), 147.

Lee, E. The public's domain: The evolution of legal restraints on the government's power to control public access through secrecy or intellectual property. Hastings Law Journal, 55, 91. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Lee, T.R. (2003). Eldred v. Ashcroft and the (hypothetical) Copyright Term Extension Act of 2020. Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal, 12, 1. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Lee, T.R. (2003, Fall). Eldred v. Ashcroft and the (Hypothetical) Copyright Term Extension Act of 2020. Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal, 12(1), 1-22. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Lesk, M. (2003, Jan/Feb). Copyright Extension: Eldred v. Ashcroft. IEEE Security and Privacy, 1(1), 76-78, January-February, 2003. Retrieved February 18, 2006, from IEEE Computer Society database.

Lessig, L. (2002, November). Does the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 Violate the Constitution? PRO. Supreme Court Debates, 5(8), 232-242. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Lessig, L. (2005). The Public Domain. Foreign Policy, 150, 48-9. Retrieved February 28, 2006, from ABI/Inform database.

Lessig, L. (2001). Copyright's First Amendment. UCLA Law Review, 48(5), 1057-73. Retrieved January 17, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Litman, J. (1990). The public domain. Emory Law Journal, 39, 965. Retrieved January 17, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Long, D.E. (2006). Traditional knowledge and the fight for the public domain. The John Marshall Law School Review of Intellectual Property Law, 5, 317. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Loren, L. P. (2007). Building a reliable semicommons of creative works: Enforcement of Creative Commons licenses and limited abandonment of copyright. George Mason Law Review, 14, 271. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

Maher, William J. (2002, Summer). Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension, and the Copyright Law of 1790 in Historical Context. Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A 49, 1021-39.

McJohn, S.M. (2003). Eldred's Aftermath: Tradition, the copyright clause, and the constitutionalization of fair use. Michigan Telecommunication and Technology Law Review, 10, 95. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Merges, R. P., & Reynolds, G.H. (2000). The proper scope of the copyright and patent power. Harvard Journal on Legislation, 37, 45. Retrieved January 18, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Netanel, N. W. (2000). Locating copyright within the First Amendment skein. Stanford Law Review, 54, 1 Retrieved January 22, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Netanel, N. W. (2000). Market hierarchy and copyright in our system of free expression. Vanderbilt Law Review, 53, 1879. Retrieved January 22, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Nickles, C. (1999). The conflicts between intellectual property protections when a character enters the public domain. UCLA Entertainment Law Review, 7(1), 133-68. Retrieved January 17, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Noga, K. E. (2007). Securitizing copyrights: An answer to the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. Tulane Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, 9, 1. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

Olson, T.B. (2002, November). Does the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 Violate the Constitution? CON. Supreme Court Debates, 5(8), 233-242. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Patry, W.F. and Posner, R.A. (2004, December). Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred. California Law Review, 92(6), 1639-1661. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Pike, G.H. (2004, September). Through the Copyright Grinder. Information Today, 21(8), 17-21. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier.

Pike, G.H. (2005, June). Academics Test Copyright Law. Information Today, 22(6), 19-31. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Posner, R.A. (2003). The Constitutionality of the Copyright Term Extension Act: Economics, Politics, Law, and Judicial Technique in Eldred v. Ashcroft. Supreme Court Review, 2003, 143-162. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from Academic Search Premier database.

Posner, R.A. (2003). The constitutionality of the Copyright Term Extension Act: Economics, politics, law, and judicial technique in Eldred v. Ashcroft. The Supreme Court Review, 2003, 143. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

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Saunders, K.M. (2004). A crusade in the public domain: The Dastar Decision. Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal Rutgers Computer and Technology Law Journal, 30, 161. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Schwartz, P.M. and Treanor, W.M. (2003, June). Eldered and Lochner: Copyright Term Extension and Intellectual Property as Constitutional Property. Yale Law Journal, 112(8), 2331-2415. Retrieved February 11, 2006, from ABI/INFORM Global database.

Scott, G. R. (2006). A comparative view of copyright as cultural property in Japan and the United States. Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, 20, 283. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

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Vaidhyanathan, S. (2007). The Googlization of everything and the future of copyright. University of California Davis Law Review, 40, 1207. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

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Van Kirk, J. (2003). Will Mickey ever die?: The Supreme Court upholds the Copyright Term Extension Act. Arizona Attorney, 40, 32. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

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Walterscheid, E. C. (2004). The preambular argument: The dubious premise of Eldred v. Ashcroft. IDEA: The Journal of Law and Technology, 44, 331. Retrieved September 23, 2004, from LexisNexis Academic database.

Walterscheid, E. C. (2000). Defining the patent and copyright term: Term limits and the intellectual property clause. Journal of Intellectual Property Law, 7, 315. Retrieved January 22, 2002 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Yoo, C. S. (2007). Copyright and public good economics: A misunderstood relation. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 155, 635. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from Academic Universe/ Lexis-Nexis database.

Organizations

Websites

Center for the Study of the Public Domain. (n.d.) Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/

Creative Commons. (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2004, from http://creativecommons.org/

Electronic Frontier Foundation. (n.d.) Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.eff.org/

FreeCulture.org. (n.d.) Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://freeculture.org/

Free Expression Policy Project. (n.d.) Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.fepproject.org/index.html

Internet Public Domain Index. (n.d.). Retrieved September 24, 2004, from http://www.bin.org/pd/

Public Domain Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2004, from http://www.pdfoundation.org/

Public Knowledge. (n.d.). Retrieved September 24, 2004, from http://www.publicknowledge.org/

Union for the Public Domain. (n.d.). Retrieved September 23, 2004, from http://www.public-domain.org

U.S. Copyright Office. (n.d.) Retrieved February 11, 2006, from http://www.copyright.gov/

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