Effective Writing Center (EWC)

Module Contents

• Introduction
• About this Module

The Basics

• Introduce Source Material
• Cite Source Material
• Reference Source Materials

Guidelines

Quotation:

• Guideline I
• Guideline II
• Guideline III
• Guideline IV

Paraphrasing/Summarizing:

• Guideline V
• Guideline VI
• Guideline VII
• Guideline VIII

• Summary

• EWC Home
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• Writing Advising
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• Student Resources
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• Faculty Resources


• Online Guide
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• Plagiarism Tutorial
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• About/Contact the EWC

How to Avoid Plagiarism: Citing Source Material

Citing means identifying for the reader the source of the quotation, paraphrase, or summary. There are two main types of citations: parenthetical in-text citations and notes (either footnotes or endnotes).

1. Parenthetical in-text citations Shorthand references to the full bibliographical description of the source listed at the end of the student's paper. The author and date of publication are most important in the APA style. If there is an exact quote, then the page number should also be included.

Here's an example of an APA-style in-text citation:

In her book about toddlers, Alicia Lieberman (1993) does a good job of explaining their sometimes mystifying behavior.

See an Example

2. Notes Bibliographical descriptions of the section of the resource used. Footnotes and endnotes, in general, are being replaced by the parenthetical citation but are still used in scholarly writing in the liberal arts (Gibaldi, 1999, p. 268).

See an Example

The Chicago/Turabian style is most frequently used with footnotes. The "Publication Manual of the APA" considers footnotes to be "distracting" and discourages their use unless absolutely necessary (2001, p. 202).

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